Linux (Debian)
Packages
Upgrade packages
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade && sudo apt autoremove
Upgrade Debian release
old_debian_version=bullseye
new_debian_version=bookworm
cat /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/* | grep $old_debian_version
sed -i "s/$old_debian_version/$new_debian_version/g" /etc/apt/sources.list
find /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ -type f | xargs sudo sed -i "s/$old_debian_version/$new_debian_version/g"
cat /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/* | grep $new_debian_version
sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade # and go grab a coffee
sudo apt-get full-upgrade # and go grab a second coffee
sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo shutdown -r now
dpkg
dpkg -l # list all packages installed
dpkg --get-selections "*wget*" # list installed packages with 'wget' in their name
dpkg -L wget # list files installed in the wget package
dpkg -p wget # show information about an installed package
dpkg -I webfs_1.21+ds1-8_amd64.deb # show information about a package file
dpkg -c webfs_1.21+ds1-8_amd64.deb # list files in a package file
dpkg -S /etc/init/networking.conf # show what package owns /etc/init/networking.conf
dpkg -s wget # show the status of a package
dpkg -V package # verify the installed package's integrity
sudo dpkg -i foobar.deb # installing or upgrading the foobar package
sudo dpkg -r package # remove all of an installed package except for its configuration files
sudo dpkg -P package # remove all of an installed package, including its configuration files
apt
[apt|apt-get] update
apt list --upgradable
[apt|apt-get] upgrade
[apt|apt-get] autoremove
[apt|apt-cache] search metapackage # see all metapackages
[apt|apt-cache] search -n wget # search for packages called 'wget'
[apt|apt-cache] show wget # show package info
[apt|apt-cache] [depends|rdepends] wget # show dependencies / reverse deps respectively
Add an additional PPA for newer or extra packages
# https://launchpad.net/~git-core/+archive/ubuntu/ppa
echo '''
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/git-core/ppa/ubuntu/ xenial main
# deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/git-core/ppa/ubuntu/ xenial main
''' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/git-core-ubuntu-ppa-xenial.list
curl https://keyserver.ubuntu.com/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0xe1dd270288b4e6030699e45fa1715d88e1df1f24 | sudo apt-key add
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
Install and hold on specific package version
apt-get install -y kubeadm=1.21.1-00 kubelet=1.21.1-00 kubectl=1.21.1-00
apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl
Filesystem
Show directories size and last modified date
sudo du --max-depth=1 -ax --si --time /
Note that -x will exclude /dev, /proc, /run, sys since these are pseudo-filesystems which exist in memory only.
Find files
find /usr -type d -name "icons"
ls ~/Downloads | grep .mp3
find ~/ -maxdepth 2 -type f -name "*.mp3"
Extract files
tar -xvf 02-Flat-Remix-Blue-Dark_20210620.tar.xz -C /usr/share/icons/
List open files
sudo lsof -a -u r2 -c spotify -p ^9365 -d 0-$(ulimit -S -n) +D /usr | grep -E "REG|DIR" | less
# get all files / directories under /usr open with an actual file descriptor number by user r2, comand `spotify`, except process 9365
FD mode
r for read access;
w for write access;
u for read and write access;
TYPE
REG for a directory;
DIR for a regular file;
Increase max number of watched files
cat /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches
sudo vi /etc/sysctl.conf
# add at the end of file:
# fs.inotify.max_user_watches=524288
sudo sysctl -p
Processes
Inspect running services
systemctl list-units -t service --state running
# check particular service
sudo systemctl status docker.service
# go through logs, pg up / down ;)
sudo journalctl -u docker.service | less
Control processes
top
ps aux
ps axjf # show process tree
ps -eo pid,comm # list all processes in 'pid comm' format
pgrep -a -u r2 # list all processes by user 'r2'
pgrep keybase | xargs sudo kill -9 # kill all processes matching 'keybase'
ulimit
man limits.conf
cat /etc/security/limits.conf | less
ulimit -a [-S|-H] # list all Soft / Hard limits
ulimit [LIMIT] [-S|-H] [NEW_LIMIT] # get / set new limit
Identify shared memory segments
ipcs
ipcs -p # outputs creator / last operator PIDs
ps aux | grep -wE -e "2753" -e "851" # see info on processes
Signals
for i in {1..31}; do; echo "$i: $(kill -l $i)"; done
kill -9 PID
kill -9 $(pgrep -u r2) # kill all processes by user r2
killall -9 PROCESS_NAME
Containerization
Namespaces
lsns
ls -l /proc/[PID]/ns
readlink /proc/[PID]/ns/pid
# create new namespace
unshare -pf --mount-proc bash
Overlay filesystems
Cgroups
Miscellanea
Get current release version
cat /etc/os-release | sed -nE "s/VERSION=\"(.*)\"/\1/p"
Get Ubuntu's base Debian version
ubuntu_version=xenial
curl https://git.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/base-files/plain/etc/debian_version?h=ubuntu/$ubuntu_version
Install a keyring file
# with gpg
sudo gpg --homedir /tmp --no-default-keyring --keyring /etc/apt/keyrings/debian.gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 0E98404D386FA1D9 6ED0E7B82643E131 F8D2585B8783D481
sudo gpg --homedir /tmp --no-default-keyring --keyring /etc/apt/keyrings/debian-security.gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 54404762BBB6E853 BDE6D2B9216EC7A8
# or get public signing key (.asc / .key / .pub file) from some trusted source
# and unpack it into either /etc/apt/keyrings or /usr/share/keyrings
curl -sSL https://someurl.com/path/to/KEYNAME.[asc|key] | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/KEYNAME.gpg
# then in a /etc/apt/sources.list.d file:
# deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/deb/ stable main
Add user to sudoers
echo 'username ALL=(ALL) ALL' > /etc/sudoers.d/username
sudo chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/username
Modify PATH env variable
PATH=$PATH:/path/to/bin
printenv